Dalton Atomic Theory

John Dalton was an English chemist, physicist, and meteorologist.

He is best known for introducing the Atomic theory into chemistry, and for his research into colour blindness, sometimes referred to as Daltonism in his honour. Dalton's atomic theory was the first complete attempt to describe all matter in terms of atoms and their properties. Dalton based his theory on the law of conservation of mass and the law of constant composition.
Theory :-

• All the matter is made up of very tiny particles called atoms which looks like a hard solid ball.
• All the items of same element are identical in size mass and chemical properties.
• Chemical reactions only involved the rearrangement of atoms. atoms are not created or destroyed during chemical reactions.
• Atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements.
• Compounds of different elements are formed when atoms of different elements combine in a fixed ratio.
• atoms cannot be divided and it neither be created nor be destroyed.

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PCON Register in 8051

The power control register is an 8-bit register and its address is 0X87.  it can be Byte Addressable. the power control register is used to control 8051 power modes.

IDL, idle mode bit -

If IDL bit is set then it will activate idle mode of 8051 to save power.

PD, power down bit -

If PD bit is set when it will power down 8051.

GF0 and GF1 -

These are the general purpose flag bits.(i.e. bit0 and bit1)

SMOD, serial mode bit -

This bit is used to determine the serial communication port baud rate with timer 1.

Baudrate = Oscillator frequency in Hz / N[256-TH1].

The value of N, in above equation, is determined based of SMOD. 

If SMOD = 0 then N = 384.

If SMOD = 1 then N = 192.

Double baud rate bit. If Timer 1 is used to generate baud rate and SMOD = 1, the baud rate is doubled when the serial port is used in modes 1, 2, or 3.

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PSW Register in 8051

Program status word is also known as Flag Register. it is an 8-bit register. its address is 0XD0. it can be Bit and Byte Addressable. it can contains 6 Flag bits i.e. CY (carry), AC (auxiliary carry), P (parity), and OV (overflow) and 2 user definable bits. The PSW.5 and PSW.1 bits are general purpose status flag bits.

CY, the carry flag -  

This flag is set whenever there is a carry out from the D7 bit. This flag bit is affected after an 8-bit addition or subtraction. It can also be set to 1 or 0 directly by an instruction such as "SETB C" and "CLR C" stands for "set bit carry" and "CLR C" for "clear carry".

AC, the auxiliary carry flag -    

If there is a carry from D3 to D4 during an ADD or SUB operation, this bit is set; otherwise, it is cleared. This flag is used by instructions that perform BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) arithmetic.

FO -

General purpose flag bit available for the user.

RS1 and RS0 -

These are the register bank select bits as shown below.

OV -

Overflow flag is set if there was an arithmetic overflow. For signed numbers, results greater than 127 or less than -128 will set OV flag. For unsigned numbers this can be ignored.

PSW.1 -

User definable flag

P, the parity flag -

The parity flag reflects the number of 1s in the A (accumulator) register only. If the A register contains an odd number of 1s, then P=1. Therefore, P=0 if A has an even number of 1s.

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